Low- carbohydrate diet - Wikipedia. Low- carbohydrate diets or low- carb diets are dietary programs that restrict carbohydrate consumption, often for the treatment of obesity or diabetes. Foods high in easily digestible carbohydrates (e. The amount of carbohydrate allowed varies with different low- carbohydrate diets. The induction phase of the Atkins diet. A very low- carbohydrate, ketogenic diet was the standard treatment for diabetes throughout the 1. Steiner at the 1. Connecticut State Medical Society as The Starvation Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Then eggs and meat were added, building up to 1g of protein/kg of body weight per day, then fat was added to the point where the person stopped losing weight or a maximum of 4. The process was halted if sugar appeared in the person's urine. Mackarness also challenged the . It is regarded as one of the first low- carbohydrate diets to become popular in the United States.
Atkins Diet Revolution, which advocated the low- carbohydrate diet he had successfully used in treating patients in the 1. JAMA). Later that decade, Walter Voegtlin and Herman Tarnower published books advocating the Paleolithic diet and Scarsdale diet, respectively, each meeting with moderate success. Smart for Life® is America's #1 Healthy Weight Loss Program and Cookie Diet. Most overweight people are hungry because of Insulin and Leptin resistance as well as a. Description. The low protein diet focuses on obtaining most of a person’s daily calories from complex carbohydrates rather than from proteins. There are two main. High, Medium and Low GI Foods. One of the Internet's most comprehensive lists of foods with their glycemic index. If you are following the GI or South Beach diet you. This concept classifies foods according to the rapidity of their effect on blood sugar levels – with fast- digesting simple carbohydrates causing a sharper increase and slower- digesting complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, a slower one. Atkins New Diet Revolution, and other doctors began to publish books based on the same principles. This has been said to be the beginning of what the mass media call the . By some accounts, up to 1. This means sharply reducing consumption of desserts, breads, pastas, potatoes, rice, and other sweet or starchy foods. Some recommend levels less than 2. By contrast, the U. S. Institute of Medicine recommends a minimum intake of 1. In practice, though, . Low- GI/low- GL diets are based on the measured change in blood glucose levels in various carbohydrates – these vary markedly in laboratory studies. The differences are due to poorly understood digestive differences between foods. However, as foods influence digestion in complex ways (e. Although such diet recommendations mostly involve lowering nutritive carbohydrates, some low- carbohydrate foods are discouraged, as well (e. Like glycemic- index diets, predicting the insulin secretion from any particular meal is difficult, due to assorted digestive interactions and so differing effects on insulin release. While mild acidosis may be a side effect when beginning a ketogenic diet. It should not be conflated with diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life- threatening. A diet very low in starches and sugars induces several adaptive responses. Low blood glucose causes the pancreas to produce glucagon. When liver glycogen stores are exhausted, the body starts using fatty acids instead of glucose. The brain cannot use fatty acids for energy, and instead uses ketones produced from fatty acids by the liver. By using fatty acids and ketones as energy sources, supplemented by conversion of proteins to glucose (gluconeogenesis), the body can maintain normal levels of blood glucose without dietary carbohydrates. Most advocates of low- carbohydrate diets, such as the Atkins diet, argue that the human body is adapted to function primarily in ketosis. They argue that the purported dangers of ketosis are unsubstantiated (some of the arguments against ketosis result from confusion between ketosis and ketoacidosis, which is a mostly diabetic condition unrelated to dieting or low- carbohydrate intake). Most low- carb diet plans discourage consumption of trans fat. On a high- carbohydrate diet, glucose is used by cells in the body for the energy needed for their basic functions, and about two- thirds of body cells require insulin to use glucose. Excessive amounts of blood glucose are thought to be a primary cause of the complications of diabetes, when glucose reacts with body proteins (resulting in glycosolated proteins) and change their behavior. Perhaps for this reason, the amount of glucose tightly maintained in the blood is quite low. Unless a meal is very low in starches and sugars, blood glucose will rise for a period of an hour or two after a meal. When this occurs, beta cells in the pancreas release insulin to cause uptake of glucose into cells. In liver and muscle cells, more glucose is taken in than is needed and stored as glycogen (once called 'animal starch'). In diabetics, glucose levels vary in time with meals and vary a little more as a result of high- carbohydrate meals. In nondiabetics, blood- sugar levels are restored to normal levels within an hour or two, regardless of the content of a meal. However, the ability of the body to store glycogen is finite. Once liver and muscular stores are filled to the maximum, adipose tissue (subcutaneous and visceral fat stores) becomes the site of sugar storage in the form of fat. However, a very- low- carbohydrate diet (less than 2. The opposite is also true; for instance, clinical experience suggests very- low- carbohydrate diets for patients with metabolic syndrome. Researchers and other experts have published articles and studies that run the gamut from promoting the safety and efficacy of these diets. However, studies emerged which evaluate these diets over much longer periods, controlled studies as long as two years and survey studies as long as two decades. The review included both extreme low carbohydrate diets high in both protein and fat, as well as less extreme low carbohydrate diets that are high in protein but with recommended intakes of fat. The authors found that when the amount of energy (kilojoules/calories) consumed by people following the low carbohydrate and balanced diets (4. For blood pressure, cholesterol levels and diabetes markers there was also no difference detected between the low carbohydrate and the balanced diets. The follow- up of these trials was no longer than two years, which is too short to provide an adequate picture of the long term risk of following a low carbohydrate diet. However, the agency also concluded, over a longer span (1. Mediterranean diet, or diets aiming at low glycemic indices. The authors of this review also found a higher rate of attrition in groups with low- fat diets, and concluded, . Some of these organizations receive funding from the food industry. The paper expresses reservations about the Atkins plan, but acknowledges it as a legitimate weight- loss approach. Nevertheless, this is perhaps the first statement of support, albeit for the short term, by a medical organization. They have stated . Excess calories from carbohydrates are not any more fattening than calories from other sources. Despite the claims of low- carb diets, a high- carbohydrate diet does not promote fat storage by enhancing insulin resistance. Robert Eckel, past president, noted that a low- carbohydrate diet could potentially meet AHA guidelines if it conformed to the AHA guidelines for low fat content. Moreover, other statements suggest their position might be re- evaluated in the event of more evidence from longer- term studies. National Health Service (UK)The consumer advice statements of the NHS regarding low- carbohydrate diets state that . Department of Health and Human Services. The HHS issues consumer guidelines for maintaining heart health which state regarding low- carbohydrate diets that . An argument for the use of the diet can potentially be supported by . What we do know from the evidence is that eating a wide variety of nutritious foods, in the right amounts, is crucial to optimal health. Low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and creatinine did not change significantly. The study found the LCD was shown to have favorable effects on body weight and major cardiovascular risk factors (but concluded the effects on long- term health are unknown). The study did not compare health benefits of LCD to low- fat diets. The researchers concluded that low- carbohydrate, Mediterranean, low- glycemic index, and high- protein diets are effective in improving markers of risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Thus, in absolute terms, even sweet fruits and berries do not represent a significant source of carbohydrates in their natural form, and also typically contain a good deal of fiber which attenuates the absorption of sugar in the gut. Some vegetables, such as potatoes and carrots, have high concentrations of starch, as do corn and rice. Most low- carbohydrate diet plans accommodate vegetables such as broccoli, spinach, cauliflower, and peppers. Nevertheless, debate remains as to whether restricting even just high- carbohydrate fruits, vegetables, and grains is truly healthy. Low- carbohydrate vegetarianism is also practiced. Raw fruits and vegetables are packed with an array of other protective chemicals, such as vitamins, flavonoids, and sugar alcohols. Some of those molecules help safeguard against the over- absorption of sugars in the human digestive system. The primary reason for this recommendation is that if the switch from a high- carbohydrate to a low- carbohydrate, ketogenic diet is rapid, the body can temporarily go through a period of adjustment during which it may require extra vitamins and minerals. This is because the body releases excess fluids stored during high- carbohydrate eating. In other words, the body goes through a temporary . This does not, in and of itself, indicate that either type of diet is nutritionally deficient. While many foods rich in carbohydrates are also rich in vitamins and minerals, many low- carbohydrate foods are similarly rich in vitamins and minerals. This argument, by itself, is incomplete. Although many dietary carbohydrates do break down into glucose, most of that glucose does not remain in the bloodstream for long.
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